Based on Arabic and Russian newspaper materials, the article discusses ways to implement the communicative function of a newspaper headline, which plays a crucial role in establishing communication with the reader, making it easier for them to understand the text. It is expressed in the text using such methods as informative, graphic, pragmatic, expressive, and intertextual. Such methods are universal and are equally common to headlines in the Arab and Russian press.

Keywords: communication function, newspaper headline, punctuation marks, Arabic press, Russian press.

ARAB NEWSPAPER HEADLINES AND THEIR COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTION

Elena SABININA

This paper is based on Arabic and Russian newspaper materials and reviews the ways of expressing the communicative function of newspaper headline which plays an important role in building communication with readers and facilitating their understanding of text. It manifests itself in the text with the help of such methods as informative, graphic, pragmatic, expressive and intertextual. Such methods are universal and equally typical for headlines in Arabic and Russian press.

Keywords: communicative function, newspaper headline, punctuation marks, Arabic press, Russian press.

THEORETICAL VIEWS ON NEWSPAPER HEADLINE FUNCTIONS

Linguists distinguish different functions of the title depending on the functional style of the title text and the nature of the publication. The object of this study is the communicative function of a newspaper headline. It is recognized as one of the leading ones and manifests itself in the fact that the title helps to establish contact between the author and the reader, i.e. "serves to express a message about the subject of speech" [Wompersky, 1966, p.84].

The communicative function of a newspaper headline is really the most important. It helps to establish communication between the author and the reader, and facilitates their understanding of the text. Many authors distinguish a number of other functions of the newspaper headline in addition to the communicative one: nominative, informative, graphic-excretory, pragmatic, advertising-expressive, appellative, intertextual1.

Elena A. SABININA-Candidate of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. manar-2012@yandex.ru.

Elena SABININA - PhD Candidate (in Philology), manar-2012@yandex.ru.

1 Often, when studying headlines, the terminological design of this topic differs. Thus, G. G. Khazagerov identifies the following functions: the image of the author's attitude to the subject of speech, the image of the author's attitude to the conditions of communication, the image of the author's attitude to the note [Khazagerov, 1984, pp. 20-21].

page 72
I note that the above-mentioned functions in each particular case are a reflection of the communicative function, so they should not be separated into separate categories and can only be considered as ways of expressing it. The exception is the nominative function, which, according to A. S. Popov, is the "initial" one. "The title is intended to identify the article, name it, and highlight it among other articles. The nominative function is most clearly manifested in the form of a noun in the nominative case... " [Popov, 1966, p. 95].

The nominative function is directly correlated with the informative function, which shows that the title carries certain information about a certain event in reality. For example, A. A. Safonov combined the nominative function with the informative one, so the nominative-informative function of the title consists in reporting a fact [Safonov, 1981, p. 205].

The informative function of the title is analyzed in detail by Arabic linguists. Abdel Latif Hamza emphasizes that this is the main function of a newspaper headline and that it is implemented only if the headline does not contain words and expressions that are incomprehensible to the reader [Hamza, 1970, p.161].

You should not combine a communicative function with an informative one, since not all newspaper headlines carry information about the content of article 2, but, as a rule, they always indicate an event or fact of reality highlighted by the author of the journalistic text. I believe that this function serves to ensure effective delivery of information to the reader and thereby guarantees full communication between him and the journalist. Thus, it should be considered a way of expressing the fundamental-communicative-function.

Many authors point to the graphic-excretory function, among them V. P. Vompersky (1966.3), V. G. Kostomarov (1965), S. P. Suvorov (1965), and A. A. Safonov (1981). Its main meaning is to distinguish a publication from others, to separate one text from another. Arab researchers do not distinguish this function of the newspaper headline as an independent one, but note that the additional tasks of the headline include helping the reader navigate through the mass of articles presented (for more information, see [Xudur, 1972, pp. 76-77]).

In this article, the graphic-excretory function is also considered not as a separate category, but as an integral way of implementing the communicative function of the Arabic and Russian newspaper headline, since various types of its design, the use of special font styles, graphic means of highlighting contribute to the manifestation of the main purpose of the communicative function.

A newspaper headline has a pragmatic function [Lyapina, 2002] - attracting the reader's attention, influencing it through linguistic (lexical, grammatical, punctuation) and non-linguistic means (special font).

In addition, the title performs an advertising function4 [Nozdrina, 1982; Kostomarov, 1965; Muzhev, 1970; Popov, 1966], or an advertising-expressive function [Safonov, 1981]5. It consists in the fact that in the pursuit of the reader, modern journalists come up with expressive, expressive, catchy headlines for their articles.

2 The optional nature of the informative function of the title was indicated, for example, by A. S. Popov (see: [Popov 1966, p. 96]).

3 "The headline has a graphic-distinguishing function, which consists in delineating one material from another on the newspaper page" [Vompersky, 1966, p. 84].

4 " Not every title has an advertising function. It consists in the fact that the title not only names the article or note, not only expresses its content, but also specifically, by special means, interests the reader, attracts his attention" [Popov, 1966, p. 98].

5" The main purpose of this function is to interest the reader, to make him read the material " [Safonov, 1981, p. 205].

page 73
In addition to the expressive function, "which characterizes the personality of the writer," V. P. Vompersky identifies an appellative (or influencing) function of the title 6. The latter "develops the reader's corresponding social attitude to the content of the message" [Vompersky, 1966, p.84].

In modern research carried out using linguistic methods, additional functions of newspaper titles are highlighted. It is worth mentioning the so-called intertextual function, which the arabist E. A. Zhukovskaya suggests distinguishing in cases where the understanding of the title is based on presuppositions [Zhukovskaya, 2009, p. 128].

E. A. Lazareva classifies the functions of a newspaper headline depending on the panes of the reader's reference to the publication (Lazareva, 2006). So, at the pre-text stage, the title plays an informative and orienting role. In order for the reader to start reading, the title must be interesting, and its advertising and expressive function is shown here. At the stage of reading the text, the title participates in "controlling the perception of the work", updating the informative function. "The headline participates in the formation of the emotional impact of a newspaper work, performing an evaluative and expressive function." After getting acquainted with the text material, the title can be stored in the reader's memory as "signal, meta works".

It can be stated that all the above functions are nothing more than ways to update the communicative function of the Arabic and Russian newspaper headline, because they explicitly reflect the author's attitude to the method of communicating with the reader.

Thus, accepting the above classification of newspaper headline functions, it is more appropriate to consider them within the framework of the main function of the newspaper headline, i.e. communicative, as ways of expressing it in the text, since each of them, in addition to its main purpose, helps to establish communication with the reader.

NOMINATIVE FUNCTION OF AN ARABIC AND RUSSIAN NEWSPAPER HEADLINE

The nominative function is manifested in the fact that any title names the text, acts as its name. Regardless of the syntactic structure or whether the title is represented by a single word or a whole sentence, it is nominative. However, the naming function is most clearly manifested in header constructions consisting of a separate noun in the nominative case or a phrase with it (with an inconsistent / consistent definition). Headlines of this type are concise and stylistically neutral: taqniyyatun mutaqaddimatun ("Riyadh", 07.05.14) - "Advanced technologies"; ' al-wahdatu ("Al-Qabas", 13.05.13) - "Unity"; tamanu l - ' umumati ("Al-Ahram", 19.03.10) - " Price motherhood"; 'ad-dinu wa l-wadlfatu l-' ijtima'iyyatu ("Al-Watan", 09.01.09) - "Religion and social function"; misru fi 'uyuni l-'axarina ("As-Safir", 17.04.14) - "Egypt through the eyes of others".

An example of implementing the nominative function of an Arabic newspaper headline is titles that include the action name. The name of the action conveys the abstract name of the action itself, so that the title is not a verb construction, but a nominative one: taqwiyyatu d-dakirati bi-s-sadamati l-kahraba'iyyati (Al-Jazeera, 09.02.12) - "Improving memory through electric current"; 'al-' ihtifalu bi-jam'iyyati mukafahati l - 'idz bi-l-' iskandariyyati ("Al-Ahram", 21.05.10) - "Celebration at the Alexandria AIDS Association"; musabaqatun fi l-qissati l-qasirati bi-markazi sababi l-jumayliyyati ("Al-

6 The term "expressive-appellative" function occurs (for more information, see: [Muzhev. 1970, pp. 86-94]).

page 74
Arab", 06.01.12) - "Short story contest at the Al-Jumalia Youth Center"; " ilajun jadidun li-saratani l-jildi ("Al-Arab", 01.02.12) - "New treatment for skin cancer".

In the Russian press: Shame ("Literaturnaya Gazeta", 13.11.13); Protein of pain ("Gazeta", 20.02.12); The abyss of money ("Literaturnaya Gazeta", 16.01.13); Fake life ("Literaturnaya Gazeta", 07.04.13); Mayor for an indefinite period ("Gazeta", 09.01.14); Rods for drunk driver (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 28.06.12); A protest that goes on forever (Gazeta, 09.01.14); Deputies with a rejection (Argumenty I Fakty, 09.10.12); Diplomacy of the third Decade (Gazeta, 09.01.14) ; Reading in a daze (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 27.09.12); Cross approach (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 27.09.12); Creeping into crisis (Gazeta, 09.01.14); Party approach to the Kremlin (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 12.03.12).

It should be noted that in this case the term "nominative" is understood not in the syntactic sense, but taking into account the functional purpose of the title to be the name of the text without reference to any syntactic structure. Thus, the nominative function is applicable for titles with different syntactic structures.:

- a simple narrative verb sentence: 'az-ziydratu l- 'iqtisadiyyatu' ila 'iran tutmiru tawqi'a' ittifaqiyyatin (As-Safir, 24.11.12) - "An economic visit to Iran contributes to the signing of agreements"; A third of Russia turns into a deserted desert (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 03.07.12);

- complex sentence: yasifu nafsa-hu bi - 'anna-hu" muhibbun li-t-tuyuri " lakinna-hu yu'linu l-harba 'ala s-sanajibi ("Al-Emarat al-Yaum", 25.03.13) - "He describes himself as a "bird lover", but declares war on squirrels"; New politics in the UK, but beware of your own Keynesianism (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 03.07.12);

- segmented construction with a colon: 'al-jamalu la'ibu tunis: man yuridu l-laqaba' ala yaxsa l-munafisina ("Al-Arab", 01.02.12) - " Al-Jamal the Tunisian player: those who want to win the title should not be afraid of their rivals"; Spain: Basques demand a referendum (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 10.06.14);

- interrogative sentence: hal 'axta'a waziru l-' amali? ("Riyadh", 19.06.13) - " Did the Minister of Labor make a mistake?"; Is it necessary to take a tax from those who rent out housing? (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 28.06.12);

- exclamation point: sijaratu l-mawti.. laysat la-ka! (Al-Qabas, 19.06.14) - " Cigarette of Death... not for you!"; Power - on a scholarship! (Argumenty I Fakty, 11.12.12).

WAYS TO IMPLEMENT THE COMMUNICATIVE FUNCTION OF AN ARABIC AND RUSSIAN NEWSPAPER HEADLINE

The communicative function of an Arabic and Russian newspaper headline is expressed in the text using the following methods: informative, graphic, pragmatic, expressive, and intertextual.

An informative method. An informative way of implementing the communicative function of an Arabic and Russian newspaper title involves a message in a short form of the main content of the headline text. The communicative function is actualized by neutral language means: neutral vocabulary, narrative full sentences: misru tad'u li-tahwili l- 'alami l- 'isldmiyyi" ila suqin 'iqtisadiyyatin kabiratin (Al-Khalij, 04.04.09) -" Egypt calls for transformation of the Islamic world into a major economic market"; madarisu mustaqillatun tastawfi l-hadda l-'a'la min ma'arifi wa maharati l-manahiji ("Al-Arab", 01.01.12) - "Independent schools maximize skills and abilities within the curriculum"; butulatu lubnana bi-t-ta 'irati tantaliqu fi' arba 'ti kanuni t-tani (Al-Safir, 21.11.12) - "Lebanon Volleyball Championship starts on January 4"; / tawzi'u 'i'anati l-fuqara'i sahriyyan/ jam'iyyatun xayriyatun tusahimu fi tawtifi mi'atay makfufin (Al-Watan,

page 75
03.10.11) - " / Distribution of benefits for the poor on a monthly basis/ The charity takes part in the employment of two hundred blind people "7; mustasfa l-maliki' abdi l-'azizi l-jami' iyyu yunaddimu liqa'an maftuhan li-mansubi-hi (Riyadh, 08.05.14) - "King Abdulaziz University Hospital organizes an open meeting for its employees".

Let's turn to the Russian headlines: A toll road has appeared in Moscow (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 27.09.12); A third of Russia is turning into a deserted desert / The land beyond Lake Baikal may lose its last inhabitants in a couple of decades / (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 23.07.12); Taxi drivers are waiting for a city knowledge exam (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 26.07.12); In the Far East, another flood is feared (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14.03.14); Muscovites appreciate the mayor (Argumenty I Fakty, 23.10.12); Trains carrying drivers will be entrusted only with new stations (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 27.09.12); Hockey players of the Russian national team brought the World Cup around Moscow (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 27.05.14).

Informative titles can be a short title construction with a subtitle (supertitle) explaining the content of the text, for example: / mada tada'ina fi gurfati d-duyufi?/dikuru s-sita'i... 'alwanun saxinatun wa lamasatun dafi'atun (Al Arab, 06.01.12) - "/ What will you put in the guest room? / Winter decor... bright colors and warm touches";'uyunun maftuhatun' ala hulmin.../misru tasta 'idu s-sadarata ba'da sittati' uqudin: nubilu l- 'adabi li-na'ili t-tawxi/ (Ac-Safir, 12.05.14)" Eyes open to a dream /After 60 years Egypt returns to the leading positions: Nobel Prize in Literature from Nail at-Tawhi /"; / 'al-qabas tuslitu d-daw'a' ala namadija mudi'atin fi jihati d-dawlati/qiyadiyuna najihuna.. ragma l-'i'aqati (Al-Qabas, 11.01.14) - "/ "Al-Kabas highlights vivid examples in various parts of the country/ Successful managers... despite our limited capabilities."

According to E. A. Zhukovskaya, such types of titles belong to the subtype of extended informative headings, the presence of which is explained by the need to supplement the main title without reducing its expression [Zhukovskaya, 2009, pp. 127-128]. According to my observations, headlines of this type are not often found in Arab newspapers and are more typical for the Russian press: Foreign carin Russian / What is the Russian car industry rich in? / (Argumenty I Fakty, 09.10.12); Primacy of faith / In Russian schools, there are now two versions of the origin of a person /("Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 17.04.12); Revenge of the Giants/For the first time a fine for cultural vandalism will be used to restore an ancient monument / (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 1 7.04.12); Union of Former/ Why does Russia unite the economy with its neighbors? / (Argumenty I Fakty, 28.05.13); Strings for $ 3 million/A Russian physicist received an award while working in the United States/ (Argumenty I Fakty, 02.04.13); Growth pension/What supplements and benefits can you count on / (Argumenty I Fakty, 19.03.13); Insurancein the load / Should I give up insurance when receiving a consumer loan? / (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 11.09.12).

Graphical method. One of the universal ways to implement the communicative function of an Arabic and Russian newspaper headline is graphic. The correct placement of the material on the newspaper page meets the aesthetic needs of the reader, helps to encourage him to read. The graphic method is updated using non-linguistic means: font selections (the shape and size of the title), and the use of color 8.

7 Hereafter, a slash indicates a superheading or subheading. The title is highlighted in bold.

8 For more information about the font features and color design of the headlines of an Arabic newspaper, see: [Spirkin, 2008, pp. 59-60].

page 76
Arab researchers pay great attention to the ways of graphic design of Arabic newspaper headlines. Adib Khudur (1972, pp. 86-89) provides a detailed overview of the options for presenting a headline on a newspaper page. Depending on the position of the lines in the title and the title itself on the page, the following types of headings are distinguished.

- "Stand-alone heading" ('"al -' unwan 'al-mufrad"):
qimatun li-zu 'ama'i l-'alami hawla l-munaxi fi 'aylula
"Climate Summit for World Leaders in September" ("Al-Safir", 01.04.14).
- "Inverted Pyramid" ("al-haram ' al-maqlub"):
/ yasmulu l-fa'aliyati l-'iqtisadiyyata bi-muxtalifi 'atyafi-ha /
fariqun 'iqtisadiyyun fi l-'iqtisadi
li-tajawuzi l-'azmati r-rahinati
"/Includes all kinds of economic activities /
Economic group in the economy
to overcome the current crisis"
("Al-Watan", 01.12.11).
- "Suspended title" ("al -' unwan 'al-mu'allaq"):
/ qarraru ta ' jila l-muqata 'ati' ila yawmi l- ' ahadi l-muqbili /
la'ibu 'ittihadi l-harasi yusirruna
'ala l-fauzi bi-nuqatin as-slef
"/They decided to postpone the boycott until next Sunday /
El Harash players insist
on the points win over Schlef"
("Al-Bilyad" 31.10.14).
- "Ordinary pyramid" ('al-haram' al - 'adi"):
/ ' an-nuxbatu t-taqafiyyatu rahinan hayratun wa qalaqun..! /
'an-nuxabu t-taqafiyyatu tata 'arradu li-l-hija'i
min nuxbatin fi-ha wa min-ha tu'arri-ha wa tafdahu-ha!
"/The cultural elite is currently confused and worried! /
The cultural elite is being laughed at by another elite
inside her that flaunts and shames her
("Al-Watan", 01.12.11).
- "Title aligned to one edge" ("'al -' unwan 'al-muntalaq' ila l-yasar 'aw' al-muwahhad 'al-bidaya"):
gurfatu t-tijarati tanwi
rafda munsa 'ati l-qita'i
l-xassi bi-l-kawadiri
l-wadifiyyati
"The Chamber of Commerce intends to support private sector enterprises by providing specialists" (Al-Watan, 01.12.11)

In Russian newspapers, there are four ways to place headlines in relation to the text:: 1) above the text; 2) inside the text ("recessed"title); 3) on the side of the material ("sideboard")9; 4) under the publication. In any case, the headline in Rossiyskaya gazeta is always printed in a larger font compared to the font of additional headlines and the text of the article itself, and sometimes it is highlighted in color.

9 "Sideboard" and "recessed" are slang terms that come from the professional language of layout designers (see: [http://www.dpnews.ru/zagolovok.html; accessed: 28.065.14]).

page 77
Thus, the terminology used to describe Arabic and Russian newspaper headlines differs.

The pragmatic way. The pragmatic method helps the author to clarify his position for the reader, to interest and intrigue him, and also to cause a special reaction to the text presented by the title. Taking into account the pragmatics of the title is extremely important, because thanks to it, the author can influence the reader by choosing the necessary language tools. Their range is quite wide and varies from the means of phonetics, vocabulary and grammar to stylistic and punctuation features. Some of these language features are reflected in Arabic newspaper headlines.

Thus, the use of dialect vocabulary in the title allows the author of the text to show that he is speaking the same language with the reader. Taking into account the fact that most residents of Arab countries use the colloquial form of Arabic in everyday communication, the dialect in newspaper titles attracts a larger number of readers, makes the message publicly accessible and understandable: 1. dial. - mangu l-'isma'iliyya.. rah fen?! (Al-Ahram, 08.05.10) - " Ismaili mango... where did it go?"; mis ' arif enta bi-tkallam min? (Al-Ahram, 08.05.10) - "I do not know who you are talking to"; hiya fen masr? (Al-Ahram, 23.05.14) - " So where is Egypt?"; 'il-qamh" il-leyla guwwa beyti (Al-Ahram, 23.05.14) - "Wheat is in my house tonight"; Saud. dial. - "tafsan" ... na'am ' astati'u! ("Riyadh", 27.01.13) - ""Tired"... Yes, I can!"

Thus, the use of dialect words and expressions in Arabic headings can be compared with the use of colloquial style elements in their Russian-language counterparts. There is no doubt that the choice of language means is determined by the same motives: to show the author's closeness to ordinary people and the manner of their speech. However, the effect of including oral-colloquial forms in Arabic headings seems much stronger due to the phenomenon of diglossia, which limits the scope of their application to everyday speech. The appearance of such regional units in the Arabic newspaper text, which is characterized by extreme normalization and codification, immediately attracts the attention of 10. It is worth noting that this applies mainly to the headlines of Egyptian newspapers, which traditionally appeal through dialect to the masses, who are mostly illiterate (for details, see: [Blinov, 2012, p. 169]).

In the headlines of Russian newspapers, the use of such colloquial forms generally fits well into the norm of the literary language: The payment for dorm will be limited by law (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 19.02.2004); What is the price? (Literaturnaya Gazeta, 13.11.13); Playing sports: The 8 best broadcasts of the May holidays (Argumenty I Fakty, 30.04.14); Talking big (Argumenty I Fakty, 16.10.12); It's time to get out of here! (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 07.07.13); Wanted to warm up (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 19.04.13); Municipal leapfrog (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 19.04.13).

Among the grammatical techniques that help to identify the pragmatic potential of the title, we can distinguish the use of certain syntactic constructions, for example, min... 'To -" from... before":

min 'ifsadi d-dama'iri' Ha xatafi d-dakirati ("As-Safir", 06.05.14) - "From the corruption of conscience to the abduction of memory"; min ' awlamati l-garbi... 'On' awlamati s-sarqi!! ("Riyadh", 07.05.14)- " From the globalization of the West... before the globalization of the East!!"; Jihad ... min kursiyyi l- 'i'aqati' ila t-tadrisi bi-l-jami'ati (Wahatul Arab, 10.05.14) - " Jihad... from wheelchair to university"; narindar mudi min ba'i'i sayin ' ila ra 'isi

10 Arabic dialects differ significantly from the traditional definition of "dialect" in many aspects, as they show very noticeable differences from the literary language at all levels from phonetics to grammar. Some researchers are even inclined to consider them separate languages, since there are often obvious traces of such discrepancies in their grammatical system.

page 78
wuzara'i l-Hindi (BBC Arabi, 16.05.14) - "Narendra Modi from tea seller to Prime Minister of India".

Such constructions are very clear. Using such phrases, the Arabic author denotes a sharp transition from one state to another, focusing on its suddenness. They help them present information based on their own assessment of the situation described, so cases of such use can be considered pragmatically conditioned. The frequency of these constructions allows us to conclude that Arab journalists attach great importance to the saturation of the headline, trying to evoke a lively reader response to the information contained in the article.

The following headings are categorical statements that reinforce the general impression when reading the article and show one or another attitude (negative or positive) to a certain phenomenon of reality: la li-l- 'ahzabi d-dlniyyati (Riyadh, 07.05.14) - "No to religious parties"; muhamu l- "No to religious parties".mar'ati 'aswa'u min' a'da'i-ha (Riyadh, 07.05.14) - "A woman's defenders are worse than her enemies"; 'al-hayatu hulwatun... wa l-haya'u' ahla (Al-Kabas, 12.04.13) - " Life is beautiful... and modesty is better"; rahilu l-bultansa-yadurru bi-s-sababi ("Riyadh", 23.05.14) - "Al-Bultans departure will harm the youth".

The pages of Russian newspapers also often contain vivid examples of the author's use of the pragmatic method to update the communicative function of the title.

The pragmatics of the title are clearly shown in the headings-judgments. Such headings are evaluative statements that explain the subjective attitude of the author of the text to a given topic.:

White, delicious, harmful / The loaf beloved by Russians turned out to be completely unnecessary food/ (Argumenty I Fakty, 19.03.13); The Bazaar is contraindicated in space! (Argumenty I Fakty, 25.12.12); To make a decent career, start listening (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 26.02.14); Professor Preobrazhensky never dreamed of (Argumenty I Fakty, 25.12.12); There are already a lot of new people (Argumenty I Fakty, 25.12.12); A new road is a pedestrian! (Argumenty I Fakty, 18.12.12); And the leader is a leftist! (Argumenty I Fakty, 23.10.12).

As another means of conveying the pragmatic content of headlines, Russian journalists use emotionally-tinged vocabulary. Depending on the author's attitude to the phenomenon described, the title gets a hint of disapproval, ironic, solemn, etc. Special expressiveness of the title is created using lexical, morphological, and word-forming means of the language:

- stylistically-colored vocabulary (words with a negative emotional assessment, disapproving, contemptuous content): Pseudo-power and its servants (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 24.02.14); New Barbarians (Argumenty I Fakty, 25.12.12); Dope and yurts in the district (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 26.11.13); Head-zhadina? (Argumenty I Fakty, 28.05.13);

- limited-use vocabulary: argo - Raspberries were dispersed (Argumenty I Fakty, 05.02.13); youth slang-Show-offs as a survival strategy (72, 23.06.14); archaisms - a gay pride parade (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 04.06.14); neologisms - Rostourism will announce a competition for a tourist logo and the slogan of Russia (Versiya Saratov, 16.06.14); Currency wars will stop clearing (Pravda, 01.06.14); Free traders and protectionists (Literaturnaya Gazeta, 13.02.13);

- suffixes of subjective assessment: Poems and greshki (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 19.11.13); Kantiki and wrappers (Literaturnaya Gazeta, 15.05.13); Plots (Literaturnaya Gazeta, 08.05.13); Yaroslav Rakitsky: "Water in the Crimea is good!" (Sport-Express, 01.06.14);

page 79
- individual author's word formation: Dostoevschinka (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 28.11.13); Asiatization (Literaturnaya Gazeta, 13.03.13); It's time to stop the "leadership"of local councils (Nikolaevskiye Novosti, 18.06.14); Kudimovskiye kudesa (Literaturnaya Gazeta, 27.02.13) 11; Imperfect Adult (Literaturnaya Gazeta, 24.04.13).

The role of punctuation marks in conveying the pragmatics of the title. As you know, punctuation is used in many written languages, but it was originally absent in classical Arabic.

The oldest written sources of Arabic, such as the Qur'an and Hadith, contained large text fragments that were not divided into paragraphs, and the end of a passage or quote was sometimes marked with special icons or symbols, or highlighted in a different ink color. So, in the Qur'an, to draw attention to certain parts of the text, the so-called alamatu l-waqfi (stop signs) were used, which showed where it is possible or necessary to pause when reading the holy book.

Modern Arabic has adapted the European punctuation system to suit its needs, but has retained some features of classical Arabic when using punctuation marks, including cases where their position in the text is dictated by considerations of rhetoric and euphony.

Special punctuation marks such as colon, ellipsis, question mark, exclamation mark, etc. help to reflect the pragmatic potential of an Arabic title.

The colon in the title of Arabic articles is used in the following cases::

- when the part of the text after the colon represents the words of the speaker mentioned in the part of the text before the colon: jamal sulayman: talatatun wa 'isruna milyu-yuri li-" yawmi l-hurriyyati "(Al-Arab, 05.01.12) - "Jamal Sulayman: 23 million euros for Freedom Day"; hilal: sanadiqu li-lamwili l-abhati l- 'ilmiyyati (Al-Ahram, 08.01.10) - " Hilal: funds for the financing of scientific research"; mustafa: laday-na majmu'atu xayaratin li-tajawuzi 'atari l-'uqdbati (Al-Watan, 28.09.11) - "Mustafa: we have many options to overcome the consequences of sanctions";

- when the part of the text after the colon is connected by causal or explanatory relations with the part of the text before the colon: hugu wa lamartin: taaxin diniyyun (Al-Watan, 28.02.12) - "Hugo and Lamartine: religious brotherhood"; qurudun li-l-masru'ati s-sagirati: da'mu l-mar'ati.. li-muwajahati l-faqri (Al-Ahram, 21.05.10) - " Loans for small projects: supporting women... to counter poverty"; qanunu d-daribati: hal yuhaqqiqu l-hadafa ("Ammannet", 26.03.13) - " The Tax Law: Will it reach its goal?"; 'ala hamisi mubarati l-jaza'iri wa l-binin: bayna l-hadafi l-' awwali li-safir tayidir wa tawasuli siyami rafiq jabbur (Al Arab, 27.03.13)- "On the sidelines of Algeria's meeting with Benin: between the first goal of Safir Taider and the continuation of the goal drought of Rafiq Jabbur";

The ellipsis in an Arabic newspaper headline consists of two dots ("horizontal colon" [Badawi, 2004, p. 22]), which separate it into two parts and show the semantic connection between them. The ellipsis performs the following functions::

- creates tension, indicates a sudden transition from one object, action or event to another: al-manahiju d-dirasiyyatu.. limada la yabda'u l-'islahu min huna? (As-Safir, 18.02.2014) - " Training programs... Why doesn't reformation start from here?"; 'ar-rakibu wa s-sa'iqu..' al-kullu gadibun (Al-Ahram, 06.07.2014) - " Passenger and driver... Everyone is angry";

11 In this case, the author of the newspaper article uses the coined word "kudesa" to describe the work of the Russian writer-poet M. V. Kudimova.

page 80
" 'as-samba".. 'igtalat hulma kulumbiya (Al-Kabas 06.07.2014) - "Samba"... killed the dream of Colombia."

- separates the word or phrase at the beginning of the headline from the subsequent information that complements or clarifies it. In this function, the ellipsis in the Arabic newspaper headline moves closer to the colon: 'at-tamru.. gida'un sihhiyyun wa taqatin!! ("Riyadh", 06.07.2014) " Date... healthy and energetic food!!"; 'attapi.. sarqu l-fuqara'i wa garbu l- 'agniya'i (As-Safir, 18.02.14) -" Amman... east of the poor and west of the rich."

A special case of using an ellipsis is its placement before the union wa ("and"), which creates a surprise effect for the reader. The variety of examples used in such situations allows us to distinguish them into a separate group: 'al-' arjantina tunhi mu'anata 'arba'atin wa 'isrina' aman.. wa tablugu nisfa n-niha'iyyi l-mundiyal ("Riyadh", 06.07.2014) - " Argentina ends the suffering of 24 years... and goes to the semi-finals of the World Cup"; 'al-mujtama'u d-dawliyyu yarfidu" nafta da'is ".. wa l- 'as'aru' ila ' inhifadin ("Riyadh", 06.07.2014) - "The world community rejects "ISIS oil"... and prices are going down"; ' almaniya tasharu li-s-sabah... wa s-samt yuhayyimu 'ala faransa (Al-Ahram, 06.07.2014) -" Germany does not sleep until morning... and silence envelops France."

It should be noted that the ellipsis in the form of two dots is typical only for titles in the language of the Arabic press and is not typical for European media. At the same time, there are frequent cases of using ellipses consisting of three or more dots in Arabic [Rezaei, 2007, p. 738], but they are usually rare in newspaper headlines: 'at-ta'limu... qadiyyatun (As-Safir, 18.02.14) - " Education... the problem."

The exclamation mark is used to formalize sentences where the content is conveyed with an expression of the author's feelings. As practice shows, any sentence in the title can be formed with an exclamation mark, depending on the emotional mood of the author and the feelings that he puts into the title.

In some cases, an exclamation mark accompanies a question mark in Arabic headings to increase the emotional impact of the question sentence on the reader: / taraddudu l-mutabarri'ina qallasa l-mawarida katiran/ 'al-jam'iyyatu l-xayriyyatu.. 'an-naqdu lam yugayyir 'al-waqi'a! (Riyadh, 11.05.14) - " / Lack of donors has significantly reduced the resources of / Charitable organizations... criticism has not changed the situation!"; 'al-hatifu t-tabitu.. ta la-hu sawtun fi l-bayti!? ("Riyadh", 11.05.14) - " Landline phone... he has no voice in the house?!"; 'as-siyasatu wa t-taqafatu.. 'ayyu-huma 'asra'u 'iqa'dn fi t-tagyiri?! ("Riyadh", 25.12.12) - " Politics and Culture... which of them will start changing faster?!".

A question mark is used to express the author's question about something unknown to the reader: mada fi bali waziri l-kahraba'i 'al -' ibrahim? (Al-Qabas, 14.02.13) " What is on the mind of Energy Minister al-Ibrahim?"; 'aynu-ha' ala l-manasibi l- ' ulya / mada turidu l-mar'atu mina r-ra'isi l-muqbili?/ (Al-Ahram, 23.05.14) - " Her eyes [are] on high-ranking positions / What does a woman want from the future president?/".

Moreover, the author of the article often uses interrogative titles as a means of expressing his dissatisfaction with the described fact of reality. In this case, the interrogative is expressed using special particles and interrogative words, as well as the word order: wa mada 'ani l-jami'ati? (Al-Ahram, 17.05.14) - " What about the university?"; ' ayyu misr? (As-Safir, 10.05.14) - " What Egypt?"; 'idaratu t-tatwiri l-' idariyyi.. 'ayna 'injazatu-ha? ("Riyadh", 07.05.14) - " Managing the development of managerial skills... where are the results?"

page 81
As in the case of Arabic, the pragmatic possibilities of the Russian newspaper headline are revealed using punctuation marks. So, an exclamation title can convey both indignation, dissatisfaction with the situation described by the author, and an exclamation expressing excitement: No freeloaders! / Regions need to be taught how to earn money on their own / (Argumenty I Fakty, 19.03.13); You will answer for the jacket! (Literaturnaya Gazeta, 05.02.14); Complain!.. / If you want to be heard and achieve results / (Argumenty I Fakty, 05.03.13); Punish the guilty! (Argumenty I Fakty, 05.02.13); Classics are alive! ("Literaturnaya Gazeta", 12.02.14). Interrogative titles focus the reader's attention on any problem: Do people really get what they deserve? (Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 24.02.14); Whose Baikonur? (Argumenty I Fakty, 18.12.12); Fight against corruption? ("Argumenty I fakty", 05.02.13); With a top three in the university will not take? (Argumenty I Fakty, 11.12.12); What is the Russian government's problem? (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 27.09.12).

An expressive way. The expressive method of implementing the communicative function of the title is designed to develop its pragmatics, since it serves to express certain emotions, emphasizes the lively expression of the title, and enhances its brightness and visibility. This method largely echoes the pragmatic method of implementing the communicative function discussed above, since in both cases similar means of expression and punctuation features are often used (for example, exclamation marks and question marks), but the expressive method is distinguished by greater imagery and metaphor. On this basis, its isolation as a separate way of implementing a communicative function seems quite reasonable.

The use of the expressive method involves the use of a number of means of expression (metaphor, metonymy, comparison, etc.) that make the title colorful and emotionally rich: 'al-'azharu yulalibu' abna'a l-watani 'alla yudaxxiru' ayya jahdin hatta tarsu safinatu-hu 'ala barri l-' amani ("Al-Ahram", 12.02.11)- " Al-Azhar asks compatriots to spare no effort so that the ship of the motherland docks at the security mainland." The expressive effect of the title creates a metaphorical comparison of the country where social unrest occurs with a sea vessel. The ship metaphor appeals to Arabic-speaking authors. So, in the newspaper "Al-Khalij" from 14.02.14 we find the following headline: sufunu d-dimuqratiyyati l-muhtariqatu - "Burning ships of democracy".

'as-su'unu l-' islamiyyatu tursi masru'ati xamsati 'asara fasila sittati milyunan li-l-'indyati bi-buyuti lla (Riyadh, 25.05.14)-" The Ministry of Islamic Affairs and Waqf has launched projects worth 15.6 million reais to improve the homes of Allah." This title gains expressiveness due to the use of a periphrase denoting the house of Allah - a mosque as a visual medium.

Titles in which the author personally addresses the reader, as well as other titles designed as appeals, contribute to the creation of an expressive effect: kayfa tatahakkamina fi hayati-ki? (Al-Ahram, 11.03.11)- " How do you (w.r.) control your life?"; kayfa tusbihu xabiran ' istratijiyyan? (Al-Safir, 06.05.14)- " How will you become a strategic expert?!"; 'ayyu-ha l-'arabu mada taqra'una? (Al-Qabas, 12.04.13) - " Arabs, what are you reading?"; sahibu l-gibtati.. 'ila 'ayna? (Al-Safir, 12.05.14) - " Your Eminence... where to?"; ya ixwanu sajjilu mawqifan! (Al-Qabas, 14.02.13) - " Brothers, take a position!"

The expressive method of implementing the communicative function of the title also includes exclamation sentences due to their special emotional coloring: ma'ridu r-riyadi li-l-kitabi... ba'da 'isdali s-sitari!! ("Riyadh", 25.03.13) - " Riyadh Book Exhibition... after the curtain came down!!"; 'al-fawda l-' iqti sadiyyatu tatazayadu.. li-tatazayada! (Al-Qabas, 14.02.13) - " Economic anarchy is growing... to grow!".

page 82
Russian journalists also actively use expressiveness when creating newspaper headlines. So, the imagery and expressiveness of the title is enhanced with the help of rhetorical figures. Hyperbole: An oasis of coolness in a hot city (Argumenty I Fakty, 20.05.14). Oxymoron: A weapon that tastes good (Literaturnaya Gazeta, 02.07.14).Phraseology: The Trojan Horse of our education (Literaturnaya Gazeta, 07.05.14).

Exclamation titles reflect the emotional reaction of the author of the text: Children go to the disco! / Modern music-for kids? / (Argumenty I Fakty, 19.03.13); Country in the corners! (Argumenty I Fakty, 05.03.13); Stop, trucks! /There are many violators of the ban. How do I stop them? / (Argumenty I Fakty, 02.04.13); Mo-lod-ts! (Literaturnaya Gazeta, 05.02.14).

The intertextual method. The intertextual method of implementing the communicative function of the title means that before reading the text, the reader has a certain set of knowledge, which he correlates with the information obtained from the title. This method is expressed by using common quotes or references to well-known facts and phenomena of reality in the title. In this case, the degree of impact of the title on the reader depends on their individual experience and familiarity with certain cultural realities. So, the title 'arba'una' aman 'ala rahili' amidi l- 'adabi l-' arabiyyi (Al-Ahram, 23.11.13) - "40 years since the death of an elder of Arabic literature" will remain incomprehensible if you do not know who in the Arab world is called "the elder of Arabic literature". This honorary title was reserved for the outstanding Egyptian writer Taha Hussein.

The title lugatu d-dad ("As-Safir", 12.05.14) - "The language of Dad" contains the allegorical name of the Arabic language. According to the Arabs, the specific and difficult to pronounce dad sound that exists in Arabic is not found in other languages of the world.

The title kullu 'amin wa' antum hunaka ("Al-Khalij", 27.12.13) - "Every year and you are there" is an allusion to the well-established expression in Arabic culture kullu ' amin wa 'antum bi-xayrin -" Every year and you are with good", which is used for congratulations.

The following title contains the formula of tawhid, one of the fundamental tenets of Islam, which denotes the oneness and unity of Allah: misru: hirzu l-muttahami.. waraqatun 'alay-ha" la 'ilaha' illa lla " ("Al-Sabil", 25.05.14) - " Egypt: the mascot of the accused... a sheet with the words 'there is no god but Allah' on it."

The intertextual way of implementing the communicative function is often shown in the Arabic text in the form of not only individual words or expressions that the reader must evaluate and recognize through the prism of their own cultural experience, but also full-fledged quotations. At the same time, their source is most often the main book for any Muslim-the Koran. The use of religious headlines is common for Muslim Arabs, but their identification can cause difficulties for readers who are unfamiliar with the Koran thoroughly. Such Quranic excerpts are often marked in quotation marks in the headings to indicate their special character within the entire text: waqafatun ma'a qawli-hi ta 'ala:" fa - ' ida hum mubsiruna "("Al-Haddaf", 04.05.14) - "Stop at the words of the Almighty:" ... and then-they see"" . The title contains a passage from Surah Al-Araf ("Obstacles") [7-201]: 'inna' al-ladina 'attaqaw' ida massa-hum ta'ifun mina s-saytani tadakkaru fa- 'ida hum mubsiruna -" Those who are God-fearing when a vision from Satan touches them, they remember, and lo and behold, they see" [Koran, 1998, p. 143].

Let's focus on Russian newspaper headlines created using the intertextual method. All the titles below are created using stylistic allusion techniques, as they contain hints of well-known expressions and quotations: Space of bad luck / European cargo ship stuck in orbit

page 83
due to errors in the program file/ (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 27.029.12); If you go to work, we'll cut your pension / Metropolitan pensioners have to prove their lack of labor income / (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 11.09.12); The Secret of two suitcases / How Argumenty I Fakty interviewed the guardians of the Holy of Holies / (Argumenty I Fakty, 19.03.13); Not a single bast! / Russia's future is unpredictable again/ (Argumenty I Fakty, 02.04.13); Highlander and Prejudice (Gazeta, 20.02.12); Uncle Stepa of All Times / March 13 Sergey Mikhalkov would have turned 100 years old / (Argumenty I Fakty, 19.03.13); Steal-faster, higher, stronger! / The Vancouver Olympics were won by corrupt officials / (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 11.09.12).

Many scientists recognize that the title has a number of functions. The conducted research confirmed that it is competent to single out only one of its main functions - communication, which is an integral element for establishing contact with the reader. Other functions identified by different authors in the relevant literature only complement the main one. They can be considered with good reason as ways of expressing it or as various forms of its manifestation. They characterize many aspects of the versatility of its implementation, including: the ability to carry certain information, highlight the title with a font, express expression, etc.

Not all of the above methods of implementing the communicative function of a newspaper headline are mandatory and are used in all cases. Among the ways that are always inherent in the headline are graphic (any headline is highlighted in a special way on the newspaper page), pragmatic (any headline emphasizes the author's attitude). Optional (optional) ways of updating the communicative function of a newspaper headline are: informative (not all headlines accurately convey the content of the text), expressive (not all headlines express the author's emotions), intertextual (not all headlines contain a reference to certain cultural realities).

list of literature

Blinov A. L. Territorial variants of the Arabic literary language. A study of the language of the Arab press in Tunis, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Moscow: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012. 212 p.

Vompersky V. P. K izucheniyu sintaksicheskoi struktury gazetnogo zaglova [To the study of the syntactic structure of a newspaper headline]. Abstracts of reports. Alma-Ata, 1966. pp. 82-85.

Zhukovskaya I. A. Structural-semantic and functional-stylistic characteristics of the text in modern Arabic literary and Russian literary languages. Diss. ... Candidate of Philological Sciences, Moscow, 2009, 212 p.

Koran / Translated by I. Y. Krachkovsky. Rostov-on-Don: Feniks Publ., 1998, 537 p.

Kostomarov V. G. From observations on the language of a newspaper // From the experience of teaching Russian to Non-Russians, Issue 3, 1965, pp. 165-185.
Lazareva E. A. Title complex of the text means of organization and optimization of perception // Izvestiya Uralskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2006. N 40. Access mode: http://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/23880/1 /iurp-2006-40-18.pdf.

Lyapina O. A. Structural, functional and pragmatic features of the German newspaper headline: on the material of the German national press. Diss. ... Candidate of Philological Sciences. Voronezh, 2002. 154 p.

Muzhev V. S. On the functions of headings / / Uchenye zapiski MGPIII im. Vol. 55. Voprosy Romano-germanskoi filologii [Issues of Romano-Germanic Philology], Moscow, 1970, pp. 86-94.

Grammatika i smyslovye kategorii teksta [Grammar and semantic categories of the text]. Collection of scientific works of the MSPII named after M. Torez. Issue 189, Moscow, 1982, pp. 183-200.

Popov A. S. Syntactical structure of modern newspaper titles and its development / / Development of the syntax of the modern Russian language. Moscow, 1966. pp. 95-126.

Safonov A. A. Stylistics of newspaper headlines / / Stylistics of newspaper genres. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola. 1981. pp. 205-227.

Spirkin A. L. Functional-stylistic and structural-graphic interpretation of Arabic newspaper headlines. Vyi. 4. Moscow, 2008, pp. 55-63.

page 84
Suvorov S. P. Osobennosti stilistiki gazetnykh headlinov (po materialam "Dailyworker") [Features of the style of newspaper headlines (based on the materials of the "Daily Worker")].

Khazagerov G. G. Functions of stylistic figures in newspaper headlines (based on the materials of Komsomolskaya Pravda). Author's abstract. diss. ... candidate of Philological Sciences. Rostov-on-Don, 1984, 24 p.

Badawi El Said, Michael G. Carter and Adrian Gully. Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar. London-New-York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2004. 812 p.

Hamza 'Abdu l-Latif. 'Al-madxalu fi fanni t-tahriri s-suhufiyyi. 'Al-qahiratu: daru l-fikari l-'arabiyyu, 1970. 550 s.

Rezaei Siamak. Punetuation// Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics (EALL). Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill, 2008. URL: http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics /punctuation-EALL_COM_vol3_0276?s.num=30&s.start=20#d197854733e92.

Xudur 'Adib. 'Al-xabaru s-suhufiyyu. Dimasq: matabi'u dari l-ba'ti, 1972. 171 s.

REFERENCES

Badawi El Said, Michael G. Carter and Adrian Gully. Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar. London-New-York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2004. 812 pp.

Blinov A.A. Territorial'nye varianty arabskogo literaturnogo iazyka, Issledovanie iazyka arabskoi pressy v Tunise, Saudovskoi Aravii i Egipte. Moscow: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2012. 212 pp.

Hamza 'Abdu l-Latif. 'Al-madxalu fi fanni t-tahriri s-suhufiyyi. 'Al-qahiratu: daru l-fikari l-'arabiyyu, 1970. 550 s.

Khazagerov G.G. Funktsii stilisticheskikh figur v gazetnykh zagolovkakh (po malerialam "Komsomolskoi pravdy"). PhD Thesis Abstract. Rostov-na-Donu, 1984. 24 pp.

Koran / Per. I.Iu. Kraehkovskogo. Rostov-na-Donu: Feniks, 1998. 537 pp.

Kostomarov V.G. Iz nabliudenii nad iazykom gazety // Iz opyta prepodavaniia russkogo iazyka nerusskim. Vol. 3, 1965, pp. 165-185.

Lazareva E.A. Zagolovochnyi kompleks teksta sredstvo organizatsii i optimizatsii vospriiatiia // Izvestiia Ural'skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2006. N 40. http://clar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/23880/l/iurp-2006-40-18.pdf.

Liapina O.A. Strukturnye, funktsional'nye i pragmaticheskie osobennosti nemetskogo gazetnogo zagolovka: na materiale nemetskoi obshchenatsional'noi pressy. PhD Thesis. Voronezh, 2002. 154 pp.

Muzhev V.S. О funktsiiakh zagolovkov // Uchenye zapiski Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo instituta inostrannykh iazykov imeni Maurice Thorez. Vol. 55. Voprosy romano-germanskoi filologii. Moscow, 1970, pp. 86-94.

Nozdrina L.A. Zaglavie teksta // Grammatika i smyslovye kategorii teksta. Sbornik nauchnykh trudov Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo instituta inostrannyh iazvkov imeni Maurice Thorez. Vol. 189, Moscow, 1982, pp. 183-200.

Popov A.S. Sintaksicheskaia struktura sovremennykh gazetnykh zaglavii i ee razvitie // Razvitie sintaksisa sovremennogo russkogo iazyka. Moscow, 1966, pp. 95-126.

Rezaei Siamak. Punctuation // Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics (EALL). Vol. 3. Leiden: Brill, 2008. URL: http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics /punctuation-EALL_COM_vol3_0276?s.num=30&s.start=20#dl97854733c92.

Safonov A.A. Stilistika gazetnykh zagolovkov // Slilistika gazetnykh zhanrov. Moscow: Vysshaia shkola, 1981, pp. 205-227.

Spirkin A.L. Funktsional'no-stilisticheskaia i strukturno-graficheskaia interpretatsiia arabskikh gazetnykh zagolovkov // Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Vol. 4. Moscow, 2008, pp. 55-63.

Suvorov S.P. Osobennosti stilistiki gazetnykh zagolovkov (po materialam "Daily Worker") // Iazyk i stil'. Moscow, 1965, pp. 179-195.

Vomperskii V.P. К izucheniiu sintaksicheskoi struktury gazetnogo zagolovka // Iskusstvo publitsistiki (problemy teorii i masterstvo). Tezisy dokladov. Alma-Ata, 1966, pp. 82-85.

Xudur 'Adib. 'Al-xabaru s-suhufiyyu. Dimasq: matabi'u dari l-ba'ti, 1972. 171 s.

Zhukovskaia E.A. Strukturno-semanticheskie i funktsional'no-stilisticheskie kharakteristiki teksta v sovremennykh arabskom literaturnom i russkom literaturnom iazvkakh. PhD Thesis. Moscow, 2009. 212 pp.

page 85

Permanent link to this publication: