The paper presents current approaches to the analysis and methods of studying the shapes of ancient ceramic vessels. They are based on the developments of G. Birkhoff, A. Shepard, and H. Nordstrom. Most techniques rely on comparing the proportions of the vessel. One of the most widely used programs is the statistical processing of ceramics from the archaeological excavations of V. F. Gening. A. A. Bobrinsky and Yu. B. Tsetlin substantiate the method of studying the natural structure of pottery forms and identifying so-called familiar forms and imitations. The article presents the results of studying vessel shapes using these methods, taking into account the transition time from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age of Western Siberia Linevo-1, Om-1 and Mylnikov. The conclusion is made about the similarity of the complexes in the presence of individual features and individual monuments. The possibility of using all existing methods for solving different problems is considered.

Keywords: ceramic vessel shapes, approaches and methods for studying ceramic vessels, shape indexes, shape classes according to general proportionality.

Domestic and foreign researchers believe that the basis of archaeological classification and typology of ceramic vessels should be their morphological analysis. However, the world community has not yet developed a unified approach to studying the shapes of ancient clay vessels and methods for analyzing the latter. We accept the definition of the term "approach" proposed by Yu.B. Tsetlin: it is "the currently prevailing system of views on the "object" of research, as well as the rules for "ordering" and "interpreting" knowledge about it" [2012, p. 18]. It should be noted that among the publications of the mid-20th and early 21st centuries, only two authors-A. A. Bobrinsky and Yu. B. Tsetlin-are devoted to the analysis of approaches to the study of ceramics, although each researcher involved in the study of ceramics makes his choice in favor of certain techniques and methods before analyzing them [Zhushchikhovskaya, 2004; Glushkov,2004]. 1996; Mochalov, 2008; Salangin, 2001; Tkachev and Khovansky, 2007; et al.].

A. A. Bobrinsky identified two main approaches to the study of vascular forms: associative and analytical [1986]. In his opinion, the associative approach makes it possible to present a complete image through a form. Researchers working within the framework of this approach focused on the creation of general designations of forms. A. A. Bobrinsky, in accordance with this approach, identified "two ways to develop" designations of product forms [1986, p.137]: the first-on the basis of associative connections of archaeological forms of tableware with forms of other realities. The terms "turnip-shaped", "barrel-shaped", "pear-shaped", "tulip-shaped", etc. are used to denote shapes.

This work was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Resolution No. 220), received by the Altai State University, project No. 2013 - 220 - 04 - 129 "Ancient settlement of Siberia: formation and dynamics of cultures in Northern Asia".

associative relations between the forms of modern tableware (ethnographic) and archaeological.

The analytical approach, according to A. A. Bobrinsky, involves the consideration of forms as a set of elementary parts and, accordingly, the development of methods for isolating and studying these components. In the practice of using this approach, the following terms were formed: "pot", "jar", "jug", "korchaga", "miska", "hum", "amphora", etc. [Ibid.].

A. A. Bobrinsky believed that the methods developed by L. Gmelin, E. Grasset, A. F. Filippov, V. A. Gorodtsov [1901], G. D. Birkhoff [1933], A. O. Shepard [1965], H. A. Nordstrom [1972], and others reflect a formal approach to the study of the problem. forms of vessels [Bobrinsky, 1986, p. 140, 152]. From the point of view of A. A. Bobrinsky, the shapes of dishes characterize the features of their structures. Clay vessels are carriers of information about how the containers are arranged. The study of the vessel should be based on the idea "of the form as a materialized result of applying a system of special distribution of physical forces of compression, expansion and lifting of plastic raw materials that played the role of building material" [1986, p.144]. First, you need to create a "perfect contour" by eliminating the asymmetry of the vessel. Then select the points of the greatest local curvature (NLC) and connect the NLC points on opposite sides of the contour. A. A. Bobrinsky noted that the set of geometric shapes obtained corresponds to the functional parts of the vessel's capacity and the natural structure of the shape. This structure reflects the view of the potter himself, since NLC points are selected not speculatively, but in accordance with the places where the master applies the physical effort necessary to create the form [1986, p. 149]. Each functional part has its own name: lip, cheek, neck, shoulder, forearm, trunk, bottom [Bobrinsky, 1988, p. 6]. From these seven parts, 11 structures are formed, to which almost all the variety of existing ceramic forms is reduced [Ibid., p. 7]. Special procedures are used to identify traditional forms, "imitation forms", and determine generational characteristics of potters (Bobrinsky, 1991).

The development of A. A. Bobrinsky's provisions on the forms of pottery and their research was continued by Yu. B. Tsetlin [2005, 2012]. According to the scientist, in the study of pottery in general, as well as in the development of knowledge about the forms of tableware, "three general research approaches have emerged: emotional-descriptive, formal-classification, and historical-cultural" [2012, p. 140]. Yu. B. Tsetlin believes that researchers working within the framework of the first approach solve the following problems: the task of imaginative description of forms. Hence the use of "fine" words as terms that reflect the external features of products, and later - the names of modern or ethnographic dishes. This approach, according to the researcher, is typical for the works of V. A. Gorodtsov. But his book " Russian Prehistoric Ceramics "[1901] marked the beginning of a gradual detailing of ideas about the shape of a vessel as a special object of study, which was developed in the following approach [Tsetlin, 2012, pp. 141-142].

The ideas of a formal classification approach to the study of vessel shapes were first formulated by art historians L. Gmelin, E. Grosse, and A.V. Fillipov [Ibid., pp. 141-143]. However, the method of vessel shape analysis proposed by G. D. Birkhoff [Birkhoff, 1933] turned out to be focused on the study of archaeological sites and was in demand by archaeologists. The next step in the search for optimal methods for studying ceramic tableware was developed by A. O. Shepard (1965). Yu. B. Tsetlin also refers to Kuchenov, who adheres to the formal classification approach, as H. A. Nordstrom (a method for analyzing the proportionality of vessels) [Nordstrom, 1972], V. F. Gening (a program for statistical processing of archaeological ceramics) [1973, 1992], I. S. Kamenetsky (Goshev) (rules for describing vessels) [Goshev (Kamenetsky), 1994] and others.

Yu. B. Tsetlin believes that "a distinctive feature of the company is its ability to.. all the methods of dividing the forms of vessels into parts and methods for evaluating the proportionality of forms (proposed by the above-mentioned authors - L. M.) is their purely formal nature", which was least manifested in the developments of G. D. Birkhoff and A. O. Shepherd. "The researchers do not provide any justification for why these methods are used, and not any other methods for identifying dividing points on the contour, why data are used, and not other dimensional relations to characterize the proportionality of blood vessels" [2012, p.148-149].

In accordance with the historical and cultural approach laid down by A. A. Bobrinsky [1978], the forms of pottery are considered as "the result of labor embodied in specific objects", reflecting the technological traditions of potters and the traditions of consumers. Therefore, the tasks of studying ceramics are: to identify specific cultural traditions of their manufacture and to study the mechanisms of behavior of these traditions in various cultural and historical situations [Ibid., p. 149]. In any ceramic vessel, it is necessary to distinguish the natural structure (the parts that make up it), the general proportionality of the shape (categories high, medium or low) and the purpose. Production of a vessel of any form by any master is connected with-

but with a certain system of physical point and spatial efforts to move the molding mass; in the course of work, the potter develops a "hard stereotype of reproducing" a particular shape. Researchers emphasize that this stereotype "is present not only in the master's head, but also in his hands" (Bobrinsky, 1986, 1988; Tsetlin, 2012, p. 161). In the course of experimental studies conducted in the laboratory "History of Ceramics" of the IA RAS, it was established how difficult the process of creating new forms was for potters. "Breaking the usual stereotype," notes Yu. B. Tsetlin, "occurs very painfully, slowly and gradually" [2012, p. 161]. Based on the results of experiments, a schedule and nomenclature of vessel classes were developed according to general proportionality: products of" familiar "shapes are classified as high, medium and low, and borderline" high-medium "and" medium - low "are classified as" imitation " forms [Ibid., p. 162].

The experience of using the historical and cultural approach proposed by A. A. Bobrinsky and "expanded" by Yu. B. Tsetlin was highlighted in the works of E. V. Volkova [1996, 1998, 2010], O. D. Mochalov [2008, 2011], Yu. B. Tsetlin [2008] and others. But, unfortunately, none of these publications contain an example of the use of this technique. It should be noted that a group of programmers led by V. G. Lohman developed the computer program "Gonchar" based on the methodology of A. A. Bobrinsky [2006; Gonchar...].

Most researchers consider it necessary to create a system of symbols based on categories of geometry. In fact, such a search has long been conducted both in our country and abroad. A. O. Shepherd's method, sometimes using the X-index. Russian archaeologists actively use this method [Grebenshchikov and Derevyanko, 2001; Zhushchikhovskaya, 2004; Rusanova, 1973; and others]. Many archaeologists conduct research on the program of statistical processing of V. F. Gening ceramics [Papin and Shamshin, 2005], although it is not accepted by all researchers or is used with certain amendments [Tkachev, Khovansky, 2007, pp. 14-15].

Work on creating a unified methodology for morphological analysis of blood vessels continues. For example, S. N. Nikolaenko proposed his own method of studying ceramics based on the use of geometric shapes [2004] - "the method of geometric segmentation in the morphological analysis of vessels" [2005], but probably will refine and correct it [2006] . S. N. Nikolaenko introduces new Latinized terms, and forms - cylinder, cone and sphere-divides into two groups according to derivatives that underlie the splitting of vessels into classes. He suggests that the presence or absence of bending and sloping surfaces should be considered as a basis for subclasses. According to the presence of functional components, S. N. Nikolaenko refers vessels to a certain genus (A, B, C, D) [Ibid., pp. 36-37]. Time will tell whether this method will be used; so far, researchers are demonstrating differences in methodological preferences and attempts to combine different approaches to ceramics research. Thus, Siberian and Far Eastern archaeologists use different methods to assess the proportionality of vessels, including the A. O. Shepard system and the V. F. Gening program.

To determine the possibilities of the discussed methods and identify their common and special features, collections of monuments of the transition period from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia were processed. This work is based on the published collections of Mylnikov settlements (Barnaul Ob region) [Papin and Shamshin, 2005, app. 2, fig. 4, 1; 5, 1, 2, 4; 6, 1; 21, 3, 5, 6; 22, 4; 23, 3, 4; 24, 1, 3, 4; 25, 3; 34, 1 - 4; 38, 1 - 8; 39, 3 - 6; 41, 2, 3; 43, 2; 44, 1, 3 - 5; 54, 1 - 5; 55, 2; 63, 5, 7, 15, 18, 19; 64, 50, 51], Om-1 (Barabinskaya forest-steppe) [Mylnikova and Chemyakina, 2002, fig. 19, 1, 5; 20, 1, 4; 27, 1, 6, 7; 28, 1 - 3, 6 - 7; 29, 1 - 4, 6; 30, 1, 4], Linevo-1 (Novosibirsk Ob region, foothill zone) [Zakh, 1997, fig. 27, 2, 3, 5, 10, 12; 30, 4, 12, 21, 22, 28; 31, 1, 6, 15, 27 - 31; 32, 5, 22, 27, 33 - 35; 33, 5, 26; 34, 1, 3, 6, 16] and unpublished materials from the village of Linevo-1, excavations in 2003-2005 (Fig. 1). The publications also provide a classification of ceramic collections, which made it possible to compare them.

Each vessel found on the monument received an individual number. Under this number, you can find all the information about the vessel in the statistical tables (Tables 1-3). Among the listed monuments, the settlement of Mylnikov stands out in that among the 50 whole vessels studied, 44 % are round-bottomed,

1. Monuments of Linevo-1, Om-1 and Mylnikov.

Table 1. Vessel parameters of the Linevo-1 settlement, cm

Notes: here and further br. - brovka; mountain. - horizon; residential. - dwelling; zap. - filling; ash. - ash pit; sq. m. - excavation square; ob. - object; sl. - layer; Dv - corolla diameter; Dg - neck diameter; Dt-maximum trunk diameter; Dd - bottom diameter; H - vessel height; Ng - neck height; Npl - shoulder height; Npr - bottom part height.

Table 2. Parameters of vessels of the Om-1 settlement, cm

Table 3. Parameters of vessels of the Mylnikov settlement, cm

End of Table 3

38 % - vessels without necks, including 20 % - round-bottomed ones without necks (see Table 3). On the Linevo-1 monument, whole products without necks are not recorded, and the share of round-bottomed ones reaches 33 %. In the collection of the monument Om-1 vessels without a neck 9,5 %, round - bottomed-19, including 9,5 % - without a neck.

We analyzed whole products according to the program of statistical processing of ceramics from the archaeological excavations of V. F. Gening [1973] and unified the tables of "indexes of vessel shapes" (Tables 4-11).

The results obtained allow us to conclude that low and medium-sized forms are close to the settlements of Linevo-1 (69 and 31%) and Mylnikova (59 and 38 %; Table 12). In the settlement of Om-1, 35% are low forms and 65% are high. In addition, there are also very low products in the settlement of Mylnikov.

The height-neck indicator (FB), as well as the width-neck indicator (LF) and the neck profiling indicator (FG) are defined only for products with

See Table 4. Distribution of vessels by height indicator category (FA = H : Dt)*

* Tables 4-11 show vessel numbers.

Distribution of vessels by category of the height-neck index (FB Table 5. = Ng : Dv)

Distribution of vessels by category of the latitudinal-neck index (FV Table 6. = (Dv + Dg): 2Dt)

Table 7. Distribution of vessel numbers by category of the neck profiling index (FY = 5 (Dv-Dg): Ng)

Table 8. Distribution of vessel numbers by category of the Tulov height indicator (FD = (Npl + Npr): Dt)

Distribution of vessel numbers by categories of the shoulder height indicator (FE Table 9. = Npl : Npr)

Table 10. Distribution of vessel numbers by category of shoulder bulge indicator (FJ = (Dt - Dg): 2Npl)

Table 11. Distribution of vessels by category of the bottom width indicator (PHI = (Dt - Dd): 2Npr)

Table 12. Distribution of vessels by index categories, %

the neck. A comparison of ceramics in terms of neck height showed that in the settlement of Linevo-1 there are vessels with necks of all size ranks, products with medium necks predominate (46%), and many with low necks (38 %). Vessels with high and very high necks were not found in the Om-1 settlement, and products with low necks prevail (81 %). The Mylnikov settlement is characterized by dishes with low (50 %) and medium-high necks (39 %). All three monuments are dominated by products with wide necks (FW): Linevo-1-87 %, Mylnikova-98%, Om-1 - 100%. At the same time, Linevo-1 does not show vessels with extreme neck widths, while Mylnikov does not show vessels with medium-wide necks.

The vessels of the studied monuments are very similar in terms of the index of neck profiling( FG): they predominate with weakly profiled (straight) necks (Linevo-1 - 61 %, Mylnikova - 65%, Om-1 - 78%) and with necks with an inward slope. At the settlement of Mylnikov, products with a neck of medium profile and with a very strongly profiled one were also identified.

Collections of these monuments are also very similar in terms of the Tulov height index (FD): flattened products prevail (Om-1-90 %, Linevo-1-77%, Mylnikova - 64%), and strongly flattened forms are represented on each monument. Vessels with a rounded body were recorded in the settlements of Mylnikova (19 %) and Om-1 (5%).

According to the indicators of height (FE) and convexity (FJ) of the shoulder, the collections of monuments Linevo-1 and Om-1 are very similar: products with slightly convex (58 and 65%, respectively) or very slightly convex shoulders (25 and 30 %) of average height (Linevo-1 -59%, Om-1 - 47%) dominate) or high (41 and 42%, respectively). In the Mylnikov settlement, there are more vessels with very slightly convex shoulders (42 %), there are products with shoulder heights of all ranks. Vessels with a very high and very strongly convex shoulder were not found at the Linevo-1 settlement.

The bottom width indicator (PI) was determined only for flat-bottomed vessels. For all monuments, there is a variety of options. However, on Linevo-1, a large share is made up of products with a medium - width bottom (41%), Mylnikova-with a narrow bottom (42%), Om - 1-wide-bottomed (66 %). Thus, the analysis carried out according to the method of V. F. Gening revealed a great similarity of collections and a variety of assortment (with some special features characteristic of monuments, and not for regions).

The results of the study of vessels by basic proportions (Rusanova, 1973) allow us to formulate more specific conclusions. Graphs of the ratio of vessel parameters show not only the great similarity of collections, but also individual features of dishes (Figs. 2-7). For example, a graph of the ratio of vessel height and body diameter shows the overall proportionality of products, and also makes it possible to trace the distribution of products by indicators of their height and body diameter (see Figure 2). In the collection of vessels from the Om-1 monument, two groups can be distinguished in height: 4-10 cm (body diameter 7-17 cm) and 19 - 26 cm (body diameter 20 - 28 cm). The vessels of the Linevo-1 and Mylnikov monuments are characterized by the height of all dimensional ranks, but for Mylnikov - up to 26 cm, and for Linevo-1 - up to 32 cm. The same graph shows that all the products of the three monuments are squat - their height is less than or equal to the diameter of the body.

Comparison of collections by the ratio of vessel height indicators and its bottom part allows you to

2. Correlation between the height (H) and the maximum diameter of the trunk (Dt) of blood vessels.

Usl. obozn. 2-7: 1-Linevo-1; 2-Om-1; 3-Mylnikova.

3. Correlation of the vessel height (H) and the height of its bottom part (Nr).

4. Correlation between the diameter of the corolla (Dv) and the diameter of the neck (Dg) of vessels.

5. Correlation between the diameter of the corolla (Dv) and the diameter of the trunk (Dt) of blood vessels.

6. Correlation between the neck diameter (Dg) and the trunk diameter (Dt) of blood vessels.

7. Correlation between the diameter of the corolla (Dv) and the diameter of the bottom (Dd) of vessels.

determine what height of the vessel corresponds to the maximum diameter of the body. In the overwhelming majority, this is the upper part of the vessel and the upper part of the body; in other words, the height of the products in most cases is almost 2 times higher than the height of the bottom part (see Fig. 3).

When analyzing other graphs, it is easy to see that vessels from the Linevo-1 monument differ from others in height indicators: if there are products of similar proportions, a group that differs from others is recorded (see Figs. 4-7). For example, the correlation graph of Dv and Dt shows the presence on the Linevo-1 monument of products with a body diameter of more than 20 cm and a corolla diameter of 10-13 cm (see Fig. 5), i.e. vessels with a rather swollen torso, which are not recorded on the other two monuments.

The bulk of vessels (up to 90 %) from the studied settlements are closed forms, i.e. Dt : Dv > 1 (see Fig. 5).

The collections of the three monuments are very similar in terms of neck characteristics (see Fig. 6). Apart from the noted feature for the ceramics of the Linevo-1 settlement, no others were found: all the products have rather wide necks, often the diameter of the corolla is equal to the diameter of the neck or the difference in their sizes is small.

7). The Linevo-1 and Om-1 collections are similar, while the Mylnikov settlement has a compact group of flat - bottomed vessels with a corolla diameter of 20-25 cm and a bottom diameter of 10-15 cm.

8. Semi-profiles (1, 3) and "half-skeletons" (2, 4) of ceramic vessels reduced to the same height. Linevo settlement-1. 1, 2 - flat-bottomed vessels; 3, 4-round-bottomed ones.

In the context of our analysis, the results of morphological research obtained by applying the method of working with extreme X points are of interest. Nordstrom (1972). A mandatory condition is to bring all product parameters to the same height. Unlike in the 1960s, when this technique was developed, today it is quite easy to perform the necessary actions with the help of computer technology. The essence of the technique is the superposition of" half-skeletons " of vessels created by connecting extreme points on top of each other (Figs. 8, 2, 4). When overlapping half-profiles of vessels, you can get a "portrait of the ideal vessel" of the culture, identify the directions of changes in the morphology of products (Fig. 8, 1, 3); the product range is fixed when working with vessels presented on the same scale. In this article, the use of this technique is demonstrated on the materials of the Linevo-1 settlement: the absence of reference forms and the variety of directions of their change are traced.

The identification of form classes based on general proportionality (Bobrinsky, 1986, 1988; Tsetlin, 2012) implies the identification of "familiar" products and "imitation forms". The collections of the settlements Linevo-1, Om-1 and Mylnikova were subjected to this procedure.

It should be emphasized that the calculations for distinguishing classes of vessel shapes based on general proportionality are based on the same parameters (Dv, Dg, Dt, Dd, H, Ng, Npl, Npr) as in calculations using other methods. In addition, all calculations should be made only after bringing all products to the height of the vessel equal to 20 cm. Based on the results of calculating the volumes and the ratio of the area of the vessel to its volume, multiplied by 10, a graph of the classes of vessel shapes by total proportionality is constructed (Fig. 9). A certain part of the dishes belongs to the average shapes. They can be called "familiar", reflecting the autochthonous traditions of making ceramic products. However, the bulk of vessels from the Linevo-1, Om-1 and Mylnikov monuments are medium-high and medium-low forms. These are" transitional "forms, " imitation forms". Consequently, we can conclude that there was an active mixing of pottery traditions, as well as mixing of their carriers in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia during the transition period from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age.

Thus, due to the use of different methods in the study of ceramic complexes of the settlements of Linevo-1, Om-1 and Mylnikov, it was possible to obtain a wide range of results. Research under the program of M. F. Gening revealed common, epochal features of the traditions of making vessels of certain shapes. On the basis of graphs of vessel proportions ratios, the features of collections of individual monuments and groups of products of the same monument are traced. Using X techniques. A. A. Bobrinsky - Yu. B. Tsetlin, A. A. Bobrinsky-Yu. B. Tsetlin, A. A. Nordstrom and allocation of classes of forms by general proportionality.

Figure 9. Classes of vessel shapes by general proportionality. 1-Linevo-1; 2-Mylnikova; 3-Om-1.

determine the presence or absence of" reference "or" familiar "forms, as well as"imitation forms". It seems that each of the methods is suitable for solving the tasks set by the researcher if the correct measurement of parameters is observed based on the selection of points of the greatest local curvature.

List of literature

Bobrinsky A. A. Goncharstvo Vostochnoi Evropy [Pottery of Eastern Europe]. Sources and methods of study, Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1978, 272 p.

Bobrinsky A. A. O metodike izucheniya form klinyanoi ware iz arkheologicheskikh raskopok [On the methodology of studying the forms of clay dishes from archaeological excavations]. Kuibyshev: Kuibyshev State University Press, 1986, pp. 137-157.

Bobrinsky A. A. Funktsional'nye chasti v sostave sostaktivei klinyanoi ware [Functional parts in the composition of clay vessels]. Kuibyshev: Kuibyshev State University Press, 1988, pp. 5-21.

Bobrinsky A. A. Obolki funktsional'nykh chastov glinyanoi ware [Shells of functional parts of clay dishes]. Samara: Publishing House of the Samara State University, 1991, pp. 3-35.

Volkova E. V. Goncharstvo fatyanovskikh plemen [Pottery of Fatyanovsk tribes], Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1996, 122 p.

Volkova E. V. Keramika Volosovo-Danilovsky mogilnika fatyanovskoy kul'tury kak istoricheskiy istochnik [Ceramics of the Volosovo-Danilovsky burial ground of Fatyanovskaya culture as a historical source]. Moscow: Stary Sad, 1998, 260 p.

Volkova E. V. Novinkovskiye mogilniki fatyanovskoy kul'tury [Novinkovo burial grounds of Fatyanovskaya culture], Moscow: PA RAS, 2010, 248 p.

Gening V. F. Programma statisticheskoi obrabotki keramiki iz arkheologicheskikh raskopok [Program of statistical processing of ceramics from archaeological excavations].

Gening V. F. Ancient ceramics. Methods and programs of research in archeology. - Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1992. -188 p.

Glushkov I. G. Keramika kak arkheologicheskiy istochnik [Ceramics as an archaeological source]. Novosibirsk: Publishing House of IAET SB RAS, 1996, 328 p. (in Russian)

Gonchar: a software package for studying the forms of ceramic vessels from archaeological excavations [Electronic resource]. - URT: http://www.i-tis.com/gonchar.html.

Gorodtsov V. A. Russian prehistoric ceramics // Tr. XI of the Archaeological Congress, Moscow: [Tip. G. Lissner and A. Gesheli], 1901. - 96 p.

Goshev (Kamenetsky) I. S. Pravila opisaniya sosudov [Rules for describing vessels]. Teoriya i prikladnye metody v arkheologii [Theory and applied methods in Archeology]. Saratov: Saratov State University, 1994, pp. 25-59.

Grebenshchikov A.V., Derevyanko E. I. Pottery of ancient tribes of the Amur region (beginning of the Early Iron age). Novosibirsk: IAET SB RAS Publ., 2001, 120 p. (in Russian)

Zhushchikhovskaya I. S. Essays on the history of ancient pottery in the Russian Far East. Vladivostok: Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2004, 312 p.

Zakh V. A. Epocha bronzy Prisalairya (po materialam Izylinskogo arkheologicheskogo materiala). Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1997, 132 p. (in Russian)

Loman V. G. Komp'uternaya programma dlya analiticheskogo izucheniya formov keramicheskikh sosudov [Computer program for analytical study of forms of ceramic vessels]. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo IAET SB RAS, 2006, vol. 2, pp. 476-477.

Mochalov O. D. Ceramics of funerary monuments of the Bronze Age in the forest-steppe of the Volga-Ural interfluve. Samara: Samara State University . ped. un-t Publ., 2008, 257 p. (in Russian)

Mochalov O. D. Ceramics of the Bronze Age of the northern steppe-forest-steppe of the Volga-Ural interfluve (based on materials from burial grounds): abstract of the dissertation of the Doctor of Historical Sciences. - Kazan, 2011. - 40 p.

Mylnikova L. N., Chemyakina M. A. Traditions and innovations in the pottery of ancient Baraba tribes (based on the materials of the Om-1 settlement complex). Novosibirsk: Publishing House of IAET SB RAS, 2002, 200 p.

Nikolaenko S. N. Opyt morfologicheskogo analiza i matematicheskogo opisaniya form vasov [Experience of morphological analysis and mathematical description of vascular forms]. Izv.Laboratorii drevnykh tekhnologii. Irkutsk: Publishing House of Irkutsk State Technical University. un-ta, 2004. - Vol. 2. - p. 32-48.

Nikolaenko S. N. Metod geometricheskoi segmentatsii v morfologicheskom analiz sosudov [Method of geometric segmentation in morphological analysis of vessels]. Izv.Laboratorii drevnykh tekhnologii. Irkutsk: Publishing House of Irkutsk State Technical University. un-ta, 2005. - Vol. 3. - p. 15-26.

Nikolaenko S. N. Opisanie, sravnenie i differentiatsiya keramicheskikh sosudov Zapadnogo Pribaikal'ya [Description, comparison and differentiation of ceramic vessels in the Western Baikal region]. Izv.Laboratorii drevnykh tekhnologii. Irkutsk: Publishing House of Irkutsk State Technical University. un-ta, 2006, issue 4, pp. 34-63.

Papin D. V., Shamshin A. B. Barnaul Ob region in the Transition period from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age: monograph. Barnaul: Alt. State University Publ., 2005, 202 p. (in Russian)

Rusanova N. N. Slavyanskie drevnosti VI-IX vv. mezhdu Dneprom i Zapadnom Bugom [Slavic antiquities of the VI-IX centuries between the Dnieper and the Western Bug].

Salangin D. A. O podkhodakh i metodov izucheniya keramiki iz arkheologicheskikh raskopok [On approaches and methods of studying ceramics from archaeological excavations]. scientific conference (Izhevsk, November 21-23, 2000). Izhevsk, 2001, pp. 76-89.

Tkachev V. V., Khovansky A. N. Keramika sintashtinskoy kul'tury [Ceramics of the Sintashta culture]. Moscow: Taus, 2007, 180 p.

Tsetlin Yu. B. Evolution of research approaches to the study of ceramics in archeology // Ancient artisans of the Urals: materials of the All-Union. scientific conference (Izhevsk, November 21-23, 2000). Izhevsk, 2001, pp. 54-74.

Tsetlin Yu. B. Sovremennoe sostoyanie i nekotorye zadachi izucheniya drevnoi keramiki [Current state and some problems of studying ancient ceramics].

Tsetlin Yu. B. Neolith of the center of the Russian Plain. Ornamentation of ceramics and methods of periodization of cultures. Tula: Grif & K Publ., 2008, 352 p.

Tsetlin Yu. B. Ancient ceramics. Teoriya i metody istoriko-kul'turnogo podkhoda [Theory and methods of historical and cultural approach], Moscow: IA RAS, 2012, 379 p.

Birkhoff G.D. Aesthetic Measure. - Cambridge, Harvard: University Press, 1933. -P. 83 - 91.

Nordstrom H.A. Cultural Ecology auf ceramic technology. Early Nubian Cultures from the Firth and the Fourth Millennia b.c. - Stockholm: Almgwist and Wiksell, 1972. - 200 p.

Shepard A.O. Ceramics for archaeologist. - Wash.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1965. - 380 p.

The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 24.01.14.

Permanent link to this publication: